Safe Online Casino Australia in 2026: Reading Past the Marketing
An Australian who searches for a safe online casino in 2026 is doing something the offshore marketing pages they will land on are not designed to help them do. The Australian Communications and Media Authority blocks illegal gambling websites, has issued formal warnings over the brands that keep turning up in local search results, and makes clear that the Interactive Gambling Act 2001 does not licence online casino games anywhere in the country. This page sets out what genuine safety looks like here, which safeguards actually protect an Australian player, and which offshore brands have been the subject of ACMA action.

Data current as of 29 October 2026 and checked against the Australian Communications and Media Authority’s published register of formal warnings and blocking requests.
Table of Contents
- Eleven Brands the ACMA Has Acted Against
- How to Judge Whether an Online Casino Is Safe
- The Legal Prohibition and How ACMA Enforcement Follows It
- Responsible Gaming: Player Safeguards That Actually Apply
- Payment Rails an Australian Player Should Understand
- The Scale of the Illegal Market
- What This Page Does Not Cover
- What an Australian Should Do Before Depositing Anywhere
- The Numbers Behind the Blocking
- Frequently Asked Questions
Eleven Brands the ACMA Has Acted Against
These are not recommendations. Online casino games cannot be licensed in Australia, so no offshore brand reviewed below carries an Australian licence, whatever the footer of its own page claims. Each brand appears because the ACMA itself issued a formal warning over it for offering prohibited services to people physically in Australia. The set is ordered as the research carries it; that ordering is not a ranking.
The table below sets out the ACMA action against each brand, the operating entity the ACMA named, and whether the subject of the ACMA action is connected to other listings or registers a reader might check.
| Brand | ACMA action and date | Operator named by the ACMA | Subject support |
|---|---|---|---|
| RocketPlay | Formal warning, March 2026 (Pulsup Ltd); earlier Dama N.V. warning, May 2022 | Pulsup Ltd / Dama N.V. | Listings only (Gambling Insider) |
| Level Up Casino | Formal warning, May 2022 | Dama N.V. | Listings only (Westpac) |
| Woo Casino | Formal warning, March 2025 | Dama N.V. | — |
| Spirit Casino | Formal warning, May 2025 | Dama N.V. | — |
| National Casino | Formal warning, July 2025 | Consolutetish S.R.L. | Listings only (ACMA, AUSTRAC, BetStop) |
| Bizzo Casino | Formal warning, July 2025; earlier TechSolutions warning, 2022 | Consolutetish S.R.L. / TechSolutions | Listings only (Gambling Insider) |
| Ignition Casino | Formal warning, July 2025 | Bamboo Media | — |
| Instant Casino | Formal warning, February 2025 | EOD Code SRL | Listings only (ecoPayz, PayID) |
| Jackbit | Formal warning, April 2026 | Ryker B.V. | — |
| Casino Intense | Formal warning, April 2025 | Sterplay Holding Ltd | Listings only (AUSTRAC, BetStop, Gambling Insider) |
| Sky Crown | Formal warning, September 2022 | Hollycorn N.V. | — |
The repeats stand out. Dama N.V. received warnings over six brands in May 2022 and then two more, Woo Casino in March 2025 and Spirit Casino in May 2025, suggesting the same operator group kept cycling brand names rather than changing what it was offering. Consolutetish S.R.L. surfaced in July 2025 for both National Casino and Bizzo Casino, and Bizzo had already been warned once in 2022 under a different parent. Hollycorn N.V. was warned for Sky Crown and Blue Leo as a pair. The pattern is the headline: a warning does not stop an offshore group from registering another brand and starting again.
RocketPlay
RocketPlay was the subject of an ACMA formal warning to Pulsup Ltd in March 2026 over Rocketplay.com.au. That warning sits on top of an earlier Dama N.V. warning covering Rocketplay, issued in May 2022. The brand’s public materials list it through third-party affiliate directories, which is the only “support” a reader can verify — no Australian licence, no Australian complaints body. The verdict: the same operator’s second pass at Australians under a slightly different wrapper.
Level Up Casino
Level Up Casino was named in the May 2022 Dama N.V. warning alongside Bambet, Dazard, Rocketplay, Wild Tornado and Cobra Casinos. As with RocketPlay, the only public trail a reader can follow runs through affiliate listings rather than the operator’s own disclosures. Verdict: part of the 2022 cohort, and one of the brands the ACMA told to stop.
Woo Casino
The ACMA warned Dama N.V. over Woo Casino in March 2025, two and a half years after the original 2022 warning to the same operator. Woo’s marketing in 2026 still relies on the same offshore licence claims it did before the warning. No Australian payments or self-exclusion register recognises it. Verdict: a brand that received a formal warning and kept operating under the same licence it had before.
Spirit Casino
Spirit Casino drew its own formal warning in May 2025, also to Dama N.V., two months after Woo. The short interval between two warnings to one operator suggests the group’s approach to the Australian market is to rotate skin names rather than change course. Verdict: the same operator’s next attempt after Woo, addressed the same way.
National Casino
National Casino was the subject of an ACMA formal warning to Consolutetish S.R.L. in July 2025. Public references to the brand surface in AUSTRAC and BetStop-adjacent listings as well as the ACMA register, which is what “listings only” means here — the brand appears in industry listings, not in any register that grants it an Australian entitlement. Verdict: warned under one corporate wrapper, with no Australian licence for the product it sells.
Bizzo Casino
Bizzo Casino received a 2022 formal warning under TechSolutions (CY) Group Limited and TechSolutions Group N.V., then a second warning to Consolutetish S.R.L. in July 2025. Two warnings, two parents, the same product: online casino games offered to Australians. Verdict: a brand the ACMA has now told to stop twice, and that an Australian player cannot reach through any local complaints path.
Ignition Casino
The ACMA warned Bamboo Media over Ignition Casino in July 2025. The brand carries no Australian footprint beyond that warning, and there is no verified subject support to add. Verdict: the same warning as National Casino and Bizzo in the same month, against a different parent — a quiet reminder that the pipeline of new names runs faster than enforcement can name them.
Instant Casino
Instant Casino drew a formal warning to EOD Code SRL in February 2025. Public references appear in payment-rail listings (ecoPayz, PayID-side material) rather than any Australian register. A payment rail appearing in passing is not a licence. Verdict: warned and still listed in payment directories, which is the kind of overlap that lets an offshore brand look “normal” to a casual reader.
Jackbit
The ACMA warned Ryker B.V. over Jackbit (and CasinOK) in April 2026. No subject support to add. Verdict: a recent warning to a fresh parent — the same story, with different corporate lettering.
Casino Intense
Casino Intense drew a formal warning to Sterplay Holding Ltd in April 2025. Public references appear in AUSTRAC, BetStop and Gambling Insider listings. Verdict: one of the more “listed” names in the set, in the sense that industry indexes know it — none of those indexes grant an Australian entitlement.
Sky Crown
The ACMA warned Hollycorn N.V. over Sky Crown and Blue Leo in September 2022. No subject support to add. Verdict: the oldest pair of warnings in the set and a reminder that the offshore groups named here have been on the ACMA’s radar for years.
How to Judge Whether an Online Casino Is Safe
Safety in this market is not a feature an offshore casino sells. It is the gap between what an Australian player is told by the site’s own marketing and what the Australian legal and payments infrastructure actually permits. Three tests separate a safe choice from a marketing claim.
| Brand | ACMA action and date | Operator named by the ACMA | Subject support |
|---|---|---|---|
| RocketPlay | Formal warning, March 2026; May 2022 | Pulsup Ltd / Dama N.V. | Listings only |
| Level Up Casino | Formal warning, May 2022 | Dama N.V. | Listings only |
| Woo Casino | Formal warning, March 2025 | Dama N.V. | No data |
| Spirit Casino | Formal warning, May 2025 | Dama N.V. | No data |
| National Casino | Formal warning, July 2025 | Consolutetish S.R.L. | Listings only |
| Bizzo Casino | Formal warning, July 2025; 2022 | Consolutetish S.R.L. / TechSolutions | Listings only |
| Ignition Casino | Formal warning, July 2025 | Bamboo Media | No data |
| Instant Casino | Formal warning, February 2025 | EOD Code SRL | Listings only |
| Jackbit | Formal warning, April 2026 | Ryker B.V. | No data |
| Casino Intense | Formal warning, April 2025 | Sterplay Holding Ltd | Listings only |
| Sky Crown | Formal warning, September 2022 | Hollycorn N.V. | No data |
Is the product even licensable here
Online casino games, online pokies and in-play betting are prohibited interactive gambling services under the Interactive Gambling Act 2001, as strengthened by the Interactive Gambling Amendment Act 2017. No state or territory issues a licence for them. A site offering online pokies to an Australian cannot do so under any Australian licence, however many seals it pastes into its footer. This is the first test: if the product is an online casino game, no licence displayed on the site makes it Australian.

What is licensable is wagering on sport and racing placed before the event, lotteries and keno. The Northern Territory Racing and Wagering Commission (NTRWC) regulates 52 of Australia’s online bookmakers, including Sportsbet, Bet365 and Ladbrokes, which choose the Territory for tax reasons; the commission has no full-time staff and meets once a month in Darwin. An Australian-licensed sports or racing bookmaker is therefore a real legal category. An Australian-licensed online casino is not.
What the payment request tells you
Australian-licensed online wagering services cannot accept payment by credit card or other credit-related products, a restriction in force since the Interactive Gambling Act was amended in 2023. Legal deposit routes for a licensed operator are debit card, bank transfer, PayID and Osko instant transfers, and BPAY. A site asking an Australian for a credit card or a crypto deposit is operating outside the Australian rules, full stop.
PayID and Osko are the rails an Australian player will see on a licensed bookmaker’s cashier. With Osko, a transfer between participating Australian banks arrives in under a minute, 24/7 including weekends, whether addressed to a BSB and account number or to a PayID. More than 25 million PayID identifiers had been registered on Australia’s New Payments Platform as of April 2025. Paying to a PayID shows the account holder’s name before the transfer is sent; AP+ warns that being asked to transfer money to a PayID on an illegal gambling site almost certainly means a scam site. The check is in the cashier, not in the footer.
What recourse the player actually has
A withdrawal refused by an Australian-licensed operator can be taken to an Australian complaints body, adjudicated under Australian consumer law and enforced in Australian courts. An offshore casino offers none of that. If the site disappears, holds a balance indefinitely, or voids a withdrawal under a bonus term it never disclosed clearly, an Australian player has no local court to go to and no local regulator to complain to. BetStop, the National Self-Exclusion Register, binds only Australian-licensed online and phone wagering services — an offshore casino is not connected to it. Safety, here, is not just who is on the other end of the cashier; it is who the player can call when something goes wrong.
The Legal Prohibition and How ACMA Enforcement Follows It
The Interactive Gambling Act 2001 makes it an offence to provide prohibited interactive gambling services — online casino games, online pokies, in-play betting — to a person in Australia. The individual player is not prosecuted. The IGA targets the provider. An offshore site gives no Australian consumer protection, no complaints body and no recourse if a withdrawal is refused, and it can be blocked with a balance still on it.

What the ACMA does
The ACMA investigates, issues formal warnings and directs Australian internet service providers to block illegal sites. According to the ACMA as reported in June 2026, a total of 1,751 illegal gambling and affiliate marketing websites had been blocked since the first blocking request in November 2019, and more than 230 unlicensed gambling services had left the Australian market since enforcement was strengthened in 2017. In a round reported on 26 June 2026 the ACMA asked Australian internet service providers to block a further 12 illegal gambling websites: 7Signs, ChromaBet, Donbet, Duospin, Freshbet, Slots Gem, Jacks Club, Lucky Start, Pointsbetz.com, Spinrise, Vinyl Casino and Wildsino. The blocking pipeline is the slow side of enforcement; the warning pipeline is the loud one.
Formal warnings the ACMA has issued
Formal warnings are published on the ACMA website and identify the operator the warning was sent to, the brand or domain the warning covers, and the date. The set on this page is a sample, not a complete list:
- March 2026 — Pulsup Ltd over Rocketplay.com.au.
- April 2026 — Ryker B.V. over Jackbit and CasinOK.
- July 2025 — Bamboo Media over Ignition Casino; Consolutetish S.R.L. over National Casino and Bizzo Casino.
- May 2025 — Dama N.V. over Spirit Casino.
- April 2025 — Sterplay Holding Ltd over Casino Intense.
- March 2025 — Dama N.V. over Woo Casino.
- February 2025 — EOD Code SRL over Instant Casino.
- May 2022 — Dama N.V. over six brands, including Bambet, Dazard, Level Up, Rocketplay, Wild Tornado and Cobra Casinos.
- September 2022 — Hollycorn N.V. over Sky Crown and Blue Leo.
The repeats tell their own story. A warning does not stop an offshore group from registering another brand and starting again under a fresh wrapper, and the ACMA’s task is to keep naming the new wrappers as they appear. The blocking side is cumulative: the count of blocked sites, not the count of warnings, is the visible shape of enforcement.
The blocking-rate picture
The ACMA has blocked 1,751 illegal gambling and affiliate marketing websites since the first blocking request in November 2019. Spread over roughly 79 months from November 2019 to the June 2026 report, that works out to between 22 and 23 blocked sites per month, though the rate has not been even. The earlier years ran at well below that pace; recent rounds, including the 12-site block reported on 26 June 2026, run higher. The blocking pipeline is a slow attrition on a long tail of new domains, and the rate that matters is the gap between new offshore brand launches and the speed at which Australian ISPs can be told to block them. A reader should read the cumulative total as the size of the problem, not as the speed of the response.
The 2026 reform and what it changes
The Interactive Gambling Amendment (Gambling Reform) Bill 2026 passed Parliament on 19 August 2026. Its advertising and inducement measures commence 1 January 2027 — law with a start date, not yet in force on a 2026 page. The reform tightens what licensed wagering operators can advertise, but does not open up online casino licensing. The category “Australian-licensed online casino” does not exist under the law that will be in force on 1 January 2027 either.
Responsible Gaming: Player Safeguards That Actually Apply
Safety for an Australian player starts with the safeguards that are Australian, binding on local operators, and reachable without going through an offshore site’s own customer service. Three layers matter and they stack.
Bank-level gambling blocks
Australian banks offer gambling blocks at card level, which refuse authorisation of transactions registered under the merchant category code “Betting/Casino Gambling” on eligible personal credit and debit cards. Westpac’s gambling block works that way: it refuses authorisation of transactions under that code on eligible cards. Commonwealth Bank lets customers apply a gambling lock to eligible cards via the CommBank app, which automatically blocks most gambling transactions; the bank states it cannot guarantee all gambling-related purchases will be stopped. ANZ’s gambling transaction block, activated in the ANZ app, also blocks gambling transactions made through a digital wallet such as Apple Pay on an eligible card, not just the physical card. Once a customer turns on ANZ’s gambling block, removing it again requires a 48-hour waiting period, and the bank warns that not all gambling transactions will be blocked and some non-gambling transactions might be blocked in error.
The catch is the credit-card ban. Under the Interactive Gambling Act 2001 as amended in 2023, Australian-licensed online wagering services cannot accept payment by credit card or other credit-related products, a restriction that also constrains gambling use of linked digital wallets like Apple Pay. Apple states that transaction limits and PIN requirements for Apple Pay purchases are set by the card issuer or merchant, not by Apple itself. By the end of 2025, Apple Pay, Google Pay and Samsung Pay transactions collectively accounted for around 45% of all card payments in Australia by number. The bank block and the credit-card ban do different work: the block refuses the merchant category code at card level; the ban refuses the credit rail itself.
The PayID angle is separate. PayID-based instant transfers are available at over 100 Australian financial institutions, the New Payments Platform became accessible to the public on 13 February 2018 and is owned by New Payments Platform Australia Ltd, a non-profit company whose 13 shareholders include the Reserve Bank of Australia and the country’s major banks, and participants must keep the platform’s monthly outages to no more than two minutes. Paying to a PayID shows the name of the account holder before the transfer is sent. AP+’s own position is that being asked to transfer money to a PayID on an illegal gambling site almost certainly means a scam site — a sharper version of the merchant-category check that runs on cards.
Self-exclusion through BetStop
BetStop, the National Self-Exclusion Register, has been live since August 2023. It binds Australian-licensed online and phone wagering services — an offshore casino is not connected to it. A player who excludes themselves through BetStop is excluded from every Australian-licensed wagering service at once, which is the point of a register. For an offshore casino there is no equivalent, and the brand-by-brand self-exclusion tools offered on those sites have no Australian regulator behind them.
Counselling and support
The National Gambling Helpline is 1800 858 858, free, 24/7, with chat at Gambling Help Online. The helpline is the single Australian service an offshore site cannot pretend to be. It is also the right first call for someone who realises they have been playing at an offshore casino and wants to stop — not because the helpline can shut down the offshore site, but because it is staffed by people who understand Australian gambling harm and can set up a plan that actually uses Australian tools (BetStop, bank blocks, account limits with Australian-licensed operators if the player wants to stay in the legal market).
Payment Rails an Australian Player Should Understand
The payment question is where most of the offshore safety claims collapse. A licensed Australian operator can only accept the rails the IGA permits; an offshore operator takes whatever it likes and a player has no Australian backstop if a withdrawal is refused.
Cards, wallets and the credit ban
Credit cards and credit-related products are banned as payment for licensed online wagering, a restriction that took effect on 11 June 2024 with penalties of up to A$247,500 for operators. The ban extends to credit-funded digital wallets. Apple Pay, Google Pay and Samsung Pay together account for around 45% of all card payments in Australia by number; whether a given wallet transaction routes through a credit card or a debit card is set by the underlying card, not by the wallet. American Express sits outside the standard four-party networks — it traditionally issues cards and processes transactions itself as a three-party scheme — and the Reserve Bank of Australia’s July 2025 review proposes removing surcharges only on eftpos, Mastercard and Visa card transactions, explicitly leaving American Express outside the scope of the proposed surcharge ban. A surcharge on Amex is therefore not the same regulatory question as a surcharge on Visa or Mastercard, and an offshore site that pushes Amex is using a rail the Australian rules were not designed to cover.
PayID, Osko and BPAY
PayID and Osko instant transfers, and BPAY bill payments, are the Australian rails a licensed operator uses. BPAY has operated in Australia since 1997, is available in the online banking of over 140 banks and financial institutions and is offered by over 95,000 businesses; it is run by Australian Payments Plus (AP+), the operator of PayID and Osko, and was launched on 18 November 1997, owned equally, via parent company Cardlink Services Limited, by Australia’s four major banks: ANZ, Commonwealth Bank, National Australia Bank and Westpac. In September 2021 the ACCC authorised the merger of BPAY Group, eftpos and NPP Australia under a new holding entity, Australian Payments Plus.
The Australian Payments Plus rails share one property that matters for safety: they show the payee’s name before the transfer is confirmed. With PayID the account holder’s name is visible before the transfer is sent, which is the check that lets AP+ say that being asked to pay a PayID on an illegal gambling site almost certainly means a scam site. The same property is what makes these rails safe for a legitimate operator — they are auditable end-to-end through the Australian banking system. A crypto deposit is none of those things.
Cash reporting and what AUSTRAC actually does
AUSTRAC’s threshold-transaction-report rule, which requires reporting of transfers of A$10,000 or more, applies only to physical cash; ordinary electronic bank transfers are not subject to that per-transaction reporting requirement, regardless of the amount sent. An offshore site asking an Australian to deposit by crypto is using a rail AUSTRAC does not watch the same way, and an Australian player using that rail gives up the name-on-account check that PayID provides. The bank still reports suspicious patterns, but the per-transaction threshold does not apply.
The Scale of the Illegal Market
H2 Gambling Capital’s 2025 report estimates that Australians lose about A$3.9 billion a year to illegal gambling sites, and that the share of gambling going through legal channels fell from 74% in 2021 to 64%. The drop from 74% to 64% over four years is the figure that needs attention. It is not a measure of how much Australians gamble — total gambling spend has its own shape — but of where the spend lands. A falling legal share against a rising illegal dollar figure means more spend is going to offshore operators that pay no Australian tax and offer no Australian recourse.
The A$3.9 billion figure is also an estimate, and the H2 number is one modelling firm’s view. It is the figure carried by igamingbusiness.com’s coverage of ACMA enforcement, and the ACMA itself treats the order of magnitude as accurate enough to use in its public communications. Read it as a band, not a point estimate: the offshore market is large enough to matter to Australian policy and small enough that a determined enforcement regime can affect the share that goes through illegal channels.
What This Page Does Not Cover
This page is about how to judge whether an online casino is safe in Australia in 2026. It is not a ranking of offshore operators, a list of recommendations, or a guide to circumventing Australian restrictions. The brands reviewed above are reviewed because the ACMA acted against them, and the verdict on each is the same shape: no Australian licence, no Australian recourse, and a warning on the public record. A reader who wants to wager legally in Australia can do so on Australian-licensed sports and racing bookmakers; an online casino product is not available under any Australian licence.
What an Australian Should Do Before Depositing Anywhere
A short, ordered checklist. None of these steps requires an offshore site to do anything.
- Identify the product. Online casino games and online pokies cannot be licensed for Australians. If the product is an online casino game, stop.
- Identify the rail. A licensed Australian wagering service will offer debit card, bank transfer, PayID/Osko or BPAY. A site asking for a credit card or crypto is not operating under Australian rules.
- Identify the recourse. A licensed operator is answerable to an Australian regulator; an offshore site is not. BetStop binds Australian-licensed services; it does not bind offshore casinos.
- Set the bank block. Australian banks offer gambling blocks at card level; turning one on is reversible only after a waiting period, which is the point.
- Use the helpline. 1800 858 858, free, 24/7, with chat at Gambling Help Online. The call is the same whether the player is at a licensed operator, an offshore site, or none.
The five steps stand independently. None of them depends on an offshore site doing the right thing.
The Numbers Behind the Blocking
The blocking total sits at 1,751 since November 2019. Spread over the 79 months from the first blocking request in November 2019 to the June 2026 report, the average runs to roughly 22 to 23 blocked sites per month, but the rate is uneven: earlier years ran slower, recent rounds faster, including 12 sites in the round reported on 26 June 2026 alone. The right reading is the cumulative total, which is the size of the problem, and the recent per-round rate, which is the speed of the response. The gap between the two is what an Australian player is betting into when they use an offshore site — not that the ACMA is idle, but that new domains appear faster than ISPs can be told to block them.
The figure is a band, not a point. The numerator is fixed (1,751 sites blocked as reported in June 2026); the denominator depends on which month the reader reads the page in. Treat the rate as a directional indicator, not a precise monthly figure, and treat the cumulative total as the headline number the ACMA itself carries.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the clearest signs that an online casino claiming to be ‘safe’ is not actually licensed anywhere reputable?
A Curacao- or Costa-Rica-issued licence, a footer full of seals from third-party auditors the player has never heard of, a deposit page that takes crypto or credit cards, and a complaints procedure that runs only through the operator’s own support inbox. None of these signals is, on its own, proof of a bad site; together they are the pattern offshore groups use to look licensable while offering Australians a product no Australian licence covers.
Is a PayID deposit any safer than a card deposit at an offshore online casino?
The PayID rail itself is safe — the account holder’s name is shown before the transfer is sent, and over 100 Australian financial institutions participate — but using PayID to fund an illegal offshore casino does not bring the casino under Australian rules. The rail is Australian; the operator is not. AP+ warns that being asked to transfer money to a PayID on an offshore site is a common indicator of a scam.
Is it legal for an Australian to use an offshore online casino even if that site markets itself as ‘safe’?
The Interactive Gambling Act 2001 targets the provider of prohibited interactive gambling services, not the individual player. An Australian is not prosecuted for playing at an offshore casino. The legal exposure sits with the operator; the practical exposure sits with the player — no Australian consumer protection, no complaints body and no recourse if a withdrawal is refused.
What should someone do if they realise they’ve been playing at an offshore casino and want to stop?
Turn on a bank-level gambling block at the card (Westpac, ANZ, Commonwealth Bank and others offer one), call the National Gambling Helpline on 1800 858 858 for free 24/7 support, register with BetStop if the play was also at Australian-licensed services, and stop sending deposits. The order matters less than doing all of them; the helpline can sequence the rest.
How does a genuinely regulated gambling operator’s safety record differ from an offshore casino’s own marketing claims?
A regulated operator is answerable to a regulator, bound by BetStop for self-exclusion, restricted in the payment rails it can accept (no credit, no crypto), and auditable through an Australian complaints body. An offshore casino is bound by its own terms, on its own licence, with no Australian complaints path. The marketing on both sides can look similar; the recourse is not.
What free support services exist in Australia for someone concerned about their own online casino use?
The National Gambling Helpline on 1800 858 858, free and 24/7, with chat at Gambling Help Online. BetStop, the National Self-Exclusion Register, binds Australian-licensed services. Bank-level gambling blocks are reversible only after a waiting period. None of these services costs the user; all of them run without an offshore site knowing they have been used.
